IB+Topics+for+Class+of+11

=**Prescribed subject 1(Paper 1): ** = =Peacemaking, peacekeeping— International relations 1918‑36 = This prescribed subject addresses international relations from 1918 to 1936 with emphasis on the Paris Peace Settlement—its making, impact and problems of enforcement—and attempts during the period to promote collective security and international cooperation through the League of Nations and multilateral agreements (outside the League mechanism), arms reduction and the pursuit of foreign policy goals without resort to violence. The prescribed subject also requires consideration of the extent to which the aims of peacemakers and peacekeepers were realized and the obstacles to success.

Areas on which the source-based questions will focus are:
 * Aims of the participants and peacemakers: Wilson and the Fourteen Points
 * Terms of the Paris Peace Treaties 1919‑20: Versailles, St Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sèvres/Lausanne 1923
 * The geopolitical and economic impact of the treaties on Europe; the establishment and impact of the mandate system
 *  Enforcement of the provisions of the treaties: US isolationism // — // the retreat from the Anglo–American Guarantee; disarmament—Washington, London, Geneva conferences
 * The League of Nations: effects of the absence of major powers; the principle of collective security and early attempts at peacekeeping (1920‑5) the Ruhr Crisis (1923); Locarno and the “Locarno Spring” (1925)
 * Depression and threats to international peace and collective security: Manchuria (1931‑3) and Abyssinia (1935‑6).

=Paper 2 Topics = =Topic 1: Causes, practices and effects of wars = War was a major feature of the 20th century. In this topic the different types of war should be identified, and the causes, practices and effects of these conflicts should be studied.

** Major themes ** Different types and nature of 20th century warfare  Origins and causes of wars  Nature of 20th century wars • Technological developments, tactics and strategies, air, land and sea <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Effects and results of wars <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ** Material for detailed study ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Topic 5: The Cold War <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> This topic addresses East–West relations from 1945. It aims to promote an international perspective and understanding of the origins, course and effects of the Cold War—a conflict that dominated global affairs from the end of the Second World War to the early 1990s. It includes superpower rivalry and events in all areas affected by Cold War politics such as spheres of interest, wars (proxy), alliances and interference in developing countries. Major themes ** Origins of the Cold War <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Nature of the Cold War <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Development and impact of the Cold War <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> End of the Cold War <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ** Material for detailed study ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Civil
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Guerrilla
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Limited war, total war
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Long-term, short-term and immediate causes
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Economic, ideological, political, religious causes
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Home front: economic and social impact (including changes in the role and status of women)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Resistance and revolutionary movements
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Peace settlements and wars ending without treaties
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Attempts at collective security pre- and post-Second World War
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Political repercussions and territorial changes
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Post-war economic problems
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">First World War (1914‑8)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Second World War (1939‑45)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Africa: Algerian War (1954‑62), Nigerian Civil War (1967‑70)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Americas: Falklands/Malvinas war (1982), Nicaraguan Revolution (1976‑9)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Asia and Oceania: Indo-Pakistan wars (1947‑9, 1965, 1971), Chinese Civil War (1927‑37 and 1946‑9)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Europe and Middle East: Spanish Civil War (1936‑9), Iran–Iraq war (1980‑88), Gulf War (1991)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ideological differences
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Mutual suspicion and fear
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> From wartime allies to post-war enemies
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ideological opposition
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Superpowers and spheres of influence
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Alliances and diplomacy in the Cold War
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Global spread of the Cold War from its European origins
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Cold War policies of containment, brinkmanship, peaceful coexistence, détente
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Role of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Role and significance of leaders
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Arms race, proliferation and limitation
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Social, cultural and economic impact
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Break-up of Soviet Union: internal problems and external pressures
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Breakdown of Soviet control over Central and Eastern Europe
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wartime conferences: Yalta and Potsdam
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> US policies and developments in Europe: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Soviet policies, Sovietization of Eastern and Central Europe, COMECON, Warsaw Pact
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Sino–Soviet relations
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> US–Chinese relations
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Germany (especially Berlin (1945‑61)), Congo (1960‑64), Afghanistan (1979‑88), Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, Middle East
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Castro, Gorbachev, Kennedy, Mao, Reagan, Stalin, Truman

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">** Paper 3 Topics ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> This topic will focus on modernization in the region, and its impact on foreign policy. It explores the involvement of the nations in the First World War. Modernization shaped the new nations and its effects created the basis for a major shift in the foreign policies of the region. By the end of the century, for example, the United States played a more active role in world affairs, and in the affairs of Latin America in particular, thus transforming inter-American relations. When the First World War broke out in Europe, several American countries were involved in the conflict. When the war ended, its impact was felt in the economic, social and foreign policies of the participating countries. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The Great Depression and the Americas 1929****‑****39** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> This section focuses on the nature of the Depression as well as the different solutions adopted by governments in the region and the impact on these societies. The Great Depression produced the most serious economic collapse in the history of the Americas. It affected every country in the region and brought about the need to rethink economic and political systems. The alternatives that were offered and the adaptations that took place marked a watershed in political and economic development in many countries in the region. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> As the world order deteriorated in the late 1930s, resulting in the outbreak of war in Europe, the countries of the region reacted in different ways to the challenges presented. This section focuses on the changing policies of the countries in the region as a result of growing political and diplomatic tensions preceding and during the Second World War. It also examines the impact of the war upon the Americas.
 * Emergence of the Americas in global affairs 1880****‑****1929** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> United States’ expansionist foreign policies: political, economic, social and ideological reasons
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Spanish–American War: causes and effects (1898)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> United States’ foreign policies: the Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; Moral Diplomacy; applications and impact on the region
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement; reasons for US entry into the First World War; Wilson’s peace ideals and the struggle for ratification of the Versailles Treaty in the United States; significance of the war for the United States’ hemispheric status
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Involvement and participation of either Canada or one Latin American country in the First World War: reasons for and/or against participation; nature of participation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Impact of the First World War on two countries of the Americas: economic, political, social, and foreign policies
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Great Depression: political and economic causes in the Americas
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Nature and efficacy of solutions in the United States: Hoover; Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal; critics of the New Deal
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Canada: Mackenzie King and RB Bennett
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Latin America’s responses to the Depression: either G Vargas or the Concordancia in Argentina; Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) or any relevant case study of a Latin American country
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Impact of the Great Depression on society: African Americans, women, minorities
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The Great Depression and the arts: photography, the movie industry, the radio, literary currents
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Second World War and the Americas 1933 ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**‑****45** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hemispheric reactions to the events in Europe: inter-American diplomacy; cooperation and neutrality; Franklin D Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy, its application and effects
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The diplomatic and/or military role of two countries in the Second World War
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Social impact of the Second World War on: African Americans, Native Americans, women and minorities; conscription
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Treatment of Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Reaction to the Holocaust in the Americas
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Impact of technological developments and the beginning of the atomic age
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War in **one** country of the Americas